diff --git a/src/common.wgsl b/src/common.wgsl
index ab20469..d7fa949 100644
--- a/src/common.wgsl
+++ b/src/common.wgsl
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@
 @group(1) @binding(0)
 var<uniform> mesh: Mesh;
 
-fn model_origin_z() -> f32 {
-    var origin = mesh.model[3]; 
+fn model_origin_z(model: mat4x4<f32>, view_proj: mat4x4<f32>) -> f32 {
+    var origin = model[3]; 
     var proj_zw = mat4x2<f32>(
-        view.view_proj[0].zw, view.view_proj[1].zw,
-        view.view_proj[2].zw, view.view_proj[3].zw);
+        view_proj[0].zw, view_proj[1].zw,
+        view_proj[2].zw, view_proj[3].zw);
     var zw = proj_zw * origin;
     return zw.x / zw.y;
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/outline.wgsl b/src/outline.wgsl
index a307a72..86510da 100644
--- a/src/outline.wgsl
+++ b/src/outline.wgsl
@@ -5,10 +5,6 @@ struct VertexInput {
     @location(1) normal: vec3<f32>,
 };
 
-struct VertexOutput {
-    @builtin(position) clip_position: vec4<f32>,
-};
-
 struct OutlineViewUniform {
     scale: vec2<f32>,
 };
@@ -37,13 +33,12 @@ fn mat4to3(m: mat4x4<f32>) -> mat3x3<f32> {
 }
 
 @vertex
-fn vertex(vertex: VertexInput) -> VertexOutput {
-    var out: VertexOutput;
+fn vertex(vertex: VertexInput) -> @builtin(position) vec4<f32> {
     var clip_pos = view.view_proj * (mesh.model * vec4<f32>(vertex.position, 1.0));
     var clip_norm = mat4to3(view.view_proj) * (mat4to3(mesh.model) * vertex.normal);
-    var clip_delta = vec2<f32>(vstage.width * normalize(clip_norm.xy) * clip_pos.w * view_uniform.scale);
-    out.clip_position = vec4<f32>((clip_pos.xy + clip_delta) / clip_pos.w, model_origin_z(), 1.0);
-    return out;
+    var ndc_pos = clip_pos.xy / clip_pos.w;
+    var ndc_delta = vstage.width * normalize(clip_norm.xy) * view_uniform.scale;
+    return vec4<f32>(ndc_pos + ndc_delta, model_origin_z(mesh.model, view.view_proj), 1.0);
 }
 
 @fragment
diff --git a/src/stencil.wgsl b/src/stencil.wgsl
index e58660a..501efb6 100644
--- a/src/stencil.wgsl
+++ b/src/stencil.wgsl
@@ -4,16 +4,11 @@ struct VertexInput {
     @location(0) position: vec3<f32>,
 };
 
-struct VertexOutput {
-    @builtin(position) clip_position: vec4<f32>,
-};
-
 @vertex
-fn vertex(vertex: VertexInput) -> VertexOutput {
-    var out: VertexOutput;
+fn vertex(vertex: VertexInput) -> @builtin(position) vec4<f32> {
     var clip_pos = view.view_proj * (mesh.model * vec4<f32>(vertex.position, 1.0));
-    out.clip_position = vec4<f32>(clip_pos.xy / clip_pos.w, model_origin_z(), 1.0);
-    return out;
+    var ndc_pos = clip_pos.xy / clip_pos.w;
+    return vec4<f32>(ndc_pos, model_origin_z(mesh.model, view.view_proj), 1.0);
 }
 
 @fragment